When B12 is administered in doses which saturate the binding capacity of plasma proteins and the liver, the unbound B12 is rapidly eliminated in the urine
The kidneys clear B12 as well, and any free vitamin that exceeds the binding capacity of these proteins is excreted in the urine
The peptide's unusual gastric stabilitysurviving extreme pH conditionsdistinguishes it from most peptides, but in solution it remains susceptible to oxidation, hydrolysis, and bacterial contamination
The studies below cover the key findings for each compound individually
A recent placebo-controlled study evaluated its effect on people undergoing chemotherapy and the results suggest it may be more useful in some people than in others
For obvious mechanical reasons, less body weight means less load on hips, knees, and lower back